Bulgaria and Serbia War (November 1885)

Bulgaria and Serbia War (November 1885)
The alliance of Bulgaria and East Romania was in contravention of the Congress of Berlin.

Before any action was initiated by the Ottoman Empire or the big power Serbia attacked Bulgaria and was defeated.

At a time when the Bulgarian armies were successfully moving forward the big powers especially Austria brought pressure and Bulgaria had to conclude peace treaty with Serbia.

As a result of all these proceedings however, alliance of Bulgaria and east Romelia, was approved by the big powers.

In April 1886 the Ottoman Empire appointed Alexander as governor of newly formed state. Russia continued to oppose Alexander.

In September 1886 Czar brought pressure on Alexander who tendered his resignation.
Bulgaria and Serbia War (November 1885)

Napoleon and war

Napoleon was at war or preparing for war during his entire reign. He certainly seemed up to the task of defeating the European powers.

His military successes, real and apparent before 1799, had been crucial in his bid for political power. By 1802, he had signed favorable treaties with both Austria and Great Britain.

He appeared to deliver a lasting peace and to establish France as a dominant power in Europe. But the peace was short-lived. In 1803 France embarked on an eleven year period of continuous war: under Napoleon command, the French army delivered defeat after defeat to the European powers. Austria fell in 1805, Prussian in 1806, and the Russian armies of Alexander I were defeated at Friedland in 1807.

In 1807 Napoleon invaded Spain in order to drive out British expeditionary forces intent on invading French. Spain became a satellite kingdom in French Empire, although the conflict continued.

Britain was one the exception to the string of Napoleonic victories. Napoleon initially considered sending s French fleet to invade the Island nation.

Lacking the strength to achieve this, he turned to economic war fare and blocked European ports against British trade. Beginning in 1806, the continental system, as the blockade was known, erected a structure of protection for French manufacturers in all continental European market.

The British responded to the tariff walls, and boycotts with a naval blockade that succeeded in cutting French commerce off from its Atlantic market.

Still by 1810, the French leader was a master of the continent. French armies had extended revolutionary reforms and legal codes outside French and brought with them civil equality and religious tolerance.

They also drained defeated countries of their resources and had inflicted the horrors of wars with army’s occupation, force billeting and pillage. Napoleon’s empire extended across Europe, with only a diminished Austria, Prussia, and Russian remaining independent.
Napoleon and war

Greco-Turkish War 1920-1922

The allies were confident that they had completely over powered the Turks and proceeded ruthlessly to implement their pre-planned schemes. They instigated Greece to occupy Izmir and recognized the rights of Greece over Southern Albania, Thrace, Istanbul and Western Anatolia.

Accordingly Greece started preparations to make attack on Thrace. Under the pressure of the Allies, the Khalifah was not prepared for confrontation. The nationalists were in Ankara where from, it was not possible to depute the army.

The Greeks after occupation of Adrianople and Izmir resorted to unprecedented tyranny. The Allies appointed a Joint Commission of Inquiry. The commission expectedly held Greece responsible for exceeding the limits of the civilized Government.

The commissioned proposed that, Greece should vacate Anatolia and hand it over to the Allies. While these matters were considered, Greece with the help of British and French fleets proceeded again Nationalists, who confronted, Greece with considerable success.

The Allies met at London. The object was merely to gain time. Soon after Greece made fresh attacks in Asia Minor, the nationalists again confronted and defeated the Greeks. In 1921, Prince Andrey, brother of the Greek King Constantine was killed in the battle.