- The northern states gave priority to slaveholders' property rights so that emancipation often was spaced out over several slave generations.
- Very few northerners saw any contradiction between freedom for themselves and slavery for African Americans.
- Slaves were threatening violence in the northern states, causing many whites to retreat from their earlier willingness to support rapid emancipation.
- Economically, slavery was becoming more viable and profitable in the North in the 1770s and early 1780s.