Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) was a great Astronomer and made a great revolution in astronomy. He was born in Thorn, Kingdom of Poland. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first person who disproved earth is not the center of Universe and also formulates a new concept in astronomy called “Heliocentric Cosmology”.

Copernican Revolution:

Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the new concept in the field of astronomy called “Heliocentric model” which explain the sun is the center of the universe and also he observed and demonstrated some motions of celestial objects without earth. Through this investigation, Copernicus proved the earth is not a center of the universe. It was considered as a first starting point of scientific revolution and development of modern astronomy. In 1543, before his death, he published a book called “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” which clearly described the scientific investigations about the center of the universe.

His works are often referred to as the “Copernican Revolution” in the history of science. Later, great astronomers Johann Kepler and Galilieo Galilee developed the Copernicus heliocentric model which made controversy and objections in the Catholic Church as well as it made a great revolution in astronomy.

Nicolaus Copernicus was also a Physician, Classical scholar, translator, mathematician, multilingual person, military diplomat, economist, jurist, and governor.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was a great Italian scientific who played a vital in the Modern Scientific Revolution. He was a physicist, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.   He developed the telescope successfully and applied for astronomical observation of stars, planets, and moons.  He is well known for the telescope, kinematics, dynamics, and Heliocentrism.

Galileo used his telescope for astronomical observations and he showed the telescopic confirmation of the Venus and he discovered four moons in the Jupiter during his observation. Later the moons were called “Galilean Moons” to honor his work and also Galileo analysis the sunspots in the sun (black dots in sun).

Galileo has been called as “Father of Modern Science”, Father of Science”, Father of Modern Physics” and “Father of Modern Observational astronomy”.

 

Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."

Galileo invents an improved Military compass and other instruments using applied science and technology.  Galileo supported Nicolaus Copernicus view about Heliocentrism. They disproved “Earth is not in the center of the universe” (geocentric view). After 1610, he publically a supports the Copernicus view about geocentric or Helio-centrism and placed the sun as the center of the universe.  In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo and helio-centrism ideas and also censored those ideas. In 1632, Galileo published “Dialogue concerning the two Chief World Systems” in this book he wrote some details about the helio-centrism in an indirect way. Even though he was a founded for the suspect and Catholic Church ordered to place Galileo under house arrest and he spent his whole life in house arrest.

Edmond Halley - Astronomer

Edmond Halley FRS (Nov 1656 – Jan 1742) was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain following John Flamsteed. 

He spent most of his lifetime in lunar observation. “Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion”  theory attract his attention and he met Sir Issac Newton in Cambridge to discuss Kepler’s theory to solve a problem in it. He was well known for computing the orbit of Halley’s Comet.

He was also known as an English astronomer, mathematician. physicist, meteorologist, and Geophysicist. 

Johann Kepler

Johann Kepler (1571-1630) was a great German Astronomer and Mathematician. He found the Planet Mars is moving around the sun in an ellipse shape but not in a perfect circle. In the 17th century, he created a great scientific revolution in the field of Astronomy. His well-known theory called "Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Kepler conjecture".

His famous works are "Harmony of the world, The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos, New Astronomy, On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot  and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy"